The Qur’an and Islamic law address how Muslims should interact with non-Muslims living under Muslim rule, especially regarding taxes.

The main tax for non-Muslims in Islamic law is called the jizya.

Here’s what the Qur’an says about it:

Surah At-Tawbah (9:29) 

“Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day, and who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture — [fight] until they give the jizya willingly while they are humbled.”

What is jizya?

A tax levied on non-Muslim adult males (often “People of the Book” — Christians, Jews, and sometimes others) living in an Islamic state.

It was a kind of protection tax in exchange for exemption from military service and protection by the Muslim state.

The payment symbolized acknowledgment of Muslim rule but allowed religious freedom and security.

Key points in Islamic tradition:

The jizya was meant as a substitute for the zakat (charity tax) that Muslims pay.

Those who paid jizya were generally allowed to practice their religion freely and were protected by the state.

The tax rates and collection methods varied historically by time and place.

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Summary:

The Qur’an commands Muslims to collect jizya from certain non-Muslims under Muslim rule.

It was meant as a form of protection and acknowledgement of the Muslim government.

Non-Muslims who paid jizya were exempt from military service and could maintain their religious practices.